Family of Paul Pinkas MADER and Ruth Maria MULLER

Husband:	Paul Pinkas MADER (1908-1980)
Wife:	Ruth Maria MULLER (1919-1983)
Children:	Living MADER ( - )
Marriage	16 Mar 1943	New York, USA
	Witnesses in New York were Carl and his son Arno Burchard.

Husband: Paul Pinkas MADER

Name:	Paul Pinkas MADER1,2,3,4
Sex:	Male
Father:	Isaac Groder MADER (c. 1870-c. 1947)
Mother:	Anna MEHR (c. 1870-c. 1948)
Birth	23 Jul 1908	Belz, L'viv, Ukraine1,2,4,5
Title		Dr
Occupation		Head Scientist, Air Pollution Control District; Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
Residence		Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA4
Residence		Switzerland6
Arrival	23 May 1940 (age 31)	New York, USA7
Death	1 Jan 1980 (age 71)	Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA1,2
	Cause: Parkinsons/Alzheimers
Burial	1980	Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
Departure		Genoa, Genova, Liguria, Italy8

Wife: Ruth Maria MULLER

Name:	Ruth Maria MULLER9,10,11,12
Sex:	Female
Father:	Hans MULLER (1888-1966)
Mother:	Paula BURGER (1893-1942)
Birth	12 Dec 1919	Hamburg, Germany10,12,13,14
Immigration	1933 (age 13-14)	to USA
Residence		Germany15
Residence		California, USA16
Arrival	30 May 1936 (age 16)	San Pedro, Los Angeles, California, USA17,18
Death	25 May 1983 (age 63)	Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA10,12
	Cause: Myelofibrosis
Burial	9 Jul 1983	Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
Departure		Lillo, Antwerpen, Belgium19

Child 1: Living MADER

Name:	Living MADER
Sex:	Female
Spouse:	Living KULLA ( - )

Note on Husband: Paul Pinkas MADER - shared note

Story of Paul Pinkus Mader by his daughter Katherine Mader.

EMail: nkulla AT aol.com

 

Paul Pinkus Mader, my father, moved with his family from the village of Belz, Poland, to Vienna when he was a young boy. He was the youngest child in his family, and a favorite of his mother. He had a smooth pinkish face and was called "Pinky" when he came to America later in life. Paul's family was quite Jewish and he spoke Hebrew well, but Paul was more interested in Jewish culture rather than religion. In Vienna, most Jews were not religious.

 

Paul received PhD in Chemistry in 1935 from the University of Vienna. He was 27 years old and his friends in Vienna called him "Cian" which was short for cyanide, as he was a chemist. Paul belonged to a fraternity that was more "rowdy" than he was; he was more the studious type. I spoke with a woman named Liezl, who was 83 years old, who was an old friend of Paul's from Vienna. Liezl said that Paul was very good looking, and all the girls liked him. She met Paul at her teacher's house at the next village and Paul walked her back to her village. She was just 17, and it was very exciting for her to go out with a university student. Liezl thought she and Paul were alone, but her mother had sent a maid to watch them from a distance. Paul never knew he was being watched. Paul was a member of a dueling fraternity at the university and was very impressed with himself but his mother was upset and believed that if Paul dueled it would put a cut in his lovely face. Paul was also impressed with himself for becoming a professional and going beyond his parents' schtetl mentality. Paul was the only member of his family who attended the university. Paul used to talk to Liezl about the limitations facing Jews in Catholic Austria. There was no possibility of getting a government job as a Jew. Both Paul and Liezl had a beloved chemistry teacher, Dora Zinger. The Jews in Vienna were forced to put 50 names on a list for the Nazis to take, or they would be sent themselves; both Paul and Liezl were very upset to see Dora Zinger on the list.

 

Paul's good friend in Vienna was William R. Perl, founder of the Washington DC branch of the Jewish Defense League. "Willie" organized the smuggling of thousands of Jews out of Nazi-occupied Europe in the late 1930's and 1940's. I spoke with Willie when he was in his late 80's and he told me that he was always a little disappointed in his friend Paul because Paul did not want to become actively involved in the Zionist movement. Willie told me about the dueling fraternity to which they belonged. At that time they used heavy sabres with rounded points. They wore silk bandages over their wrists to three fingers below the elbow and a bandage around their neck. Even though dueling officially ended at World War I, it continued at fraternities. Jews were considered cowards so they needed to fight. The liberal Jews would fight the anti-Zioinists and a few non-Jews. To set up a duel, one walked down the street and made a comment about the man walking ahead of you. The man would turn around and say, "Did you say my name Herr Colleague?" "Yes." "How was it meant?" "Offensively." Then they would exchange cards and schedule the duel. Paul lasted four rounds in one duel but had no chance; he was trying to avenge the loss by a fraternity brother, but a dental student stopped the fight.

 

Paul and his brother Ello were able to escape from Vienna and ended up in Switzerland. Paul kept a briefcase which will be attached to this ancestry book that contains copies of much of the correspondence he sent to his sisters and parents in Vienna while he remained in Switzerland. He wrote constantly to other countries such as Australia and Great Britain trying to get a job as a chemist, but was always turned down. Finally, in a chance meeting in a restaurant, he made the acquaintance of a representative of Carl Laemmele, a wealthy theater owner in Los Angeles. After an exchange of numerous letters, Mr. Laemmele and his representative, Jack Ross, agreed to sponsor Paul's emigration to America. At that time one needed a sponsor who would assume financial responsibility for one's room and board before America would issue a visa. Paul was extremely lucky and was able to get out of Europe on the last ship carrying Jews which sailed from Genoa, Italy to America.

 

After Paul reached America he was drafted almost immediately. However, during his short stay in America he met Ruth Muller, my mother, at the Friendship House, a Jewish refugee social center. Paul was trained in military intelligence to interrogate prisoners of war. He served for four years in the Sanitary Corps as a 1st Lieutenant and in that capacity went to Europe and Asia. He always was quite proud that he was in Hiroshima several days after the atomic bomb was dropped, and picked through the rubble for "souvenirs." The family has speculated that his later development of Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder, was possibly a result of his receiving too much radiation from his sightseeing in Hiroshima. Interestingly, there was a huge influenza epidemic in Europe in 1919, when Paul was living in Vienna, and the medical community has also traced an unusually high rate of Parkinson's disease to the survivors of this epidemic. Paul married Ruth, my mother, during the war. Both Paul and Ruth were extremely ambitious, and Paul always wanted Ruth to work, which she did, as a school nurse for the Santa Monica School District.

 

I recently spoke with Oscar Burke (Oki), now 87, a close friend of Paul's when Paul first arrived in Los Angeles. He lived with Paul and several men in a downtown Los Angeles hotel. Oki was eternally grateful to Paul because Paul was able to get Oki transferred from the infantry in World War II, to Camp Richie, a much safer assignment. Oki told me stories how they used to have complete meals at a deli near their hotel for 35 cents for a complete meal. Paul, according to Oki, was a terrific poker player because he had a great memory of what cards had been played. Paul made so much money on his army ship going to Japan that he had a down-payment on a duplex at 1628 South Sierra Bonita Ave. when he returned. Paul was fairly easy-going but a bit on the stingy side. Every Friday night Paul would gamble with his friends and the winner had to pay for hot dogs for everyone. Paul said that he wasn't feeling well when it was his turn to pay for the hot dogs, and the group disqualified him from playing for four weeks. Paul was very popular, and one girl almost committed suicide over Paul. They used to picnic a lot at Griffith Park and Crestline. Paul loved to eat. I certainly noticed how much Paul loved food when I was a little girl. He ate faster than anyone I have every met, and my mother, Ruth, constantly fought with him about the size of his belly, which was considerable.

 

The size of Paul's belly cause him to have a very deep "belly laugh". Paul loved to laugh with his friends, and poked fun at himself. He was very methodical, and carried around written jokes in his wallet that he would get out in social situations and read to his friends, over and over the same jokes. He was extremely warm, and had an old world courtly manner that cause him to bow slightly when he was introduced to people. He never got rid of his strong Viennese accent.

 

Paul became the first head chemist of the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District in 1948. When he began studying smog, no one knew the precise chemical makeup of smog, and Paul was one of the true smog pioneers. He wrote numerous scientific studies involving smog and air contaminants. The studies are contained in the scrapbook of the Mader family. When I was a little girl I used to travel around Los Angeles with my dad on the weekends to little stations which had been set up in parks where smog was being captured in little jars. Many times when I was little I did school projects on smog, and brought samples of smog in little jars to school. After working for the county for around 15 years, Paul joined McDonnell-Douglas, an aircraft and space manufacturing company. In that capacity he worked on the air purification systems for spacecraft and had an instrumental role in the "Mole Project" which was an orbiting space laboratory. Paul used to measure whether the chemical content of space suits and other items in the spacecraft would give off contaminants into the air. This was used to predict whether man could last for long periods of time in space.

 

Paul took great delight in me, his daughter. He did not have any preconceived notions of a "woman's role", and always encouraged me to work hard, and have a profession. As an only child, I felt only encouragement from my parents, who always told me that I could be and do anything I wanted to be or do. One of Paul's main delights was listening to me play the piano. He used to sit by the piano in a big upholstered chair, and watch his watch to make sure that I played exactly 30 minutes before breakfast, and 30 minutes after dinner. I was very rebellious, and his watching me made me crazy! But when Paul listened to classical music, which must have reminded him of Old Vienna, he was in heaven! He used to constantly drag me out in front of his friends to play the piano for them.

 

Both Paul and Ruth were very intent on "fitting in" in American society. They loved America, and the opportunities given to them, and were particularly grateful for America having provided them a refuge from Nazi oppression. However, they did not want to be known as "Jewish." In fact, Ruth's cousin, Kurt Baruch, tells the story that once he was at their house and some friends from Paul's work were coming over. They asked Kurt to please refrain from making any remarks which would indicate they were Jewish. Kurt was so offended, they didn't speak for years. It didn't help that Kurt turned up as a Vietnam anti-war draft counselor who counseled my husband, Norman, when we were married teenagers, on how to avoid the draft.

 

Traveling was a much loved activity by both Paul and Ruth. They went together all over the world, and were even in the huge earthquake in Guatemala in the 1970's after which they aided in disaster relief to the local people. Paul always maintained a very close relationship to his sisters, Lilly and Jenny, who returned to Vienna after World War II. He visited them often in Baden bei Wien, where they had a summer house. Paul liked nothing better than to sit in a Viennese park in the late afternoon with a slice of Sachertorte and listen to Strauss waltzes.

 

As Paul aged he became more and more forgetful. He was eventually diagnosed with Parkinsons/Alzheimer. However, even in his darkest moments a glimmer of the jolly, warm, and pure Viennese spirt would shine through. Paul died on January 1, 1980, the first day of the new decade, and is buried in a crypt in the Garden of Love of Hillside Cemetery, near LAX, in Los Angeles.

 

Addresses:

Seegasse 17, Vienna, Austria

Ankerstrasse 11, Zurich, Switzerland

1026 West 3rd Street, Los Angeles, California

103 South Edgemont Street, Los Angeles, California

1628 South Sierra Bonita Ave, Los Angeles, California (the duplex he bought with his poker winnings)

125 South Saltair Avenue, Los Angeles, California (the house built by Paul and Ruth in 1958)

Note on Wife: Ruth Maria MULLER - shared note

Story of Ruth Maria Mader (nee Muller) by her daughter Katherine Mader.

EMail: nkulla AT aol.com

 

Ruth Mader was born in Hamburg, Germany. Her ancestors on her mother's side of the family lived in Neu-Burkow, Mecklenburg, Germany. They originally came from the village of Stavenhagen, and took the name Stavenhagen. Ruth's ancestral history is confusing, because two sides of the family intermarried.

 

Ruth's great-grandfather was born in Neu-Burkow almost the same day as the famous archeologist who excavated Troy and Mycena, Heinrich Schlieman. Ruth's great-grandfather shared Schlieman's wet-nurse, and they remained lifelong friends.

 

In Ruth's daughter's home, Katherine Mader, there is a Meissen sugar bowl. It used to sit in the home of Ruth's parents in Hamburg, Germany. When Ruth was a little girl she used to go every day to her grandmother Emma's home because they lived very close to each other.

 

As Ruth was growing up, the Nazis were having more and more influence in Germany. Her school name had been Gerald Hauptman Schule, named after a German Jewish writer. The name was changed to Richard Wagner Schule, a favorite composer of the Nazis. Her father, Hans, had a business which sold women's underwear. However, his salesmen were non-Jews, and the business became difficult to run. They were able to leave Germany because Uncle Ivan sponsored them to come to Los Angeles.

 

Before Ruth left Germany she had a German boyfriend named Ernst. Ruth's cousin Kurt remembers when Ruth was all excited when Ernst first kissed her. Ruth, however, sent Ernst a "Dear John" letter after Ernst arrived in New York, and Ruth had met her future husband, Paul.

 

Ruth was naturally left-handed, but a teacher made her change to right-handed by hitting her hand with a stick. She was always mixed up between her right and left hands throughout her life. When Ruth was young she played the glockflute, which is like the flute, but she was completely tone deaf.

 

Ruth always told the story of her living in Hamburg and her disdain for her "snobby" cousin Annie which lived in Berlin. Apparently Hamburg and Berlin were always rival cities. The people in Berlin said that the people from Hamburg were "farmers", and the people in Hamburg thought everyone that lived in Berlin was "stuck up." For her entire life Ruth was very much against anyone who she thought was "pretentious" or "stuck up." For instance, she always hated people who lived in Beverly Hills, which is a wealthy section of Los Angeles. She also hated people who drove Cadillacs because she thought they were only driven by snobs. As I write this I can see that her dislike of people from Berlin as a child must have influenced her later attitudes.

 

For many years my mother Ruth would tell me that she always wanted to become a doctor, but her schooling was interrupted in Germany, and that ruined her opportunities. As I got older I realized that the doctor fantasy didn't really make sense, because Ruth arrived in America in time to attend Polytechnic High School. However, what does make sense is that Ruth's family, which had once been quite wealthy in Hamburg, lost everything when they came to America. As a result, Ruth had to help out her family by cleaning other people's houses in Los Angeles. After she finished high school she attended nursing school at Queen of Angeles Hospital in Los Angeles, eventually attaining a Masters in Public Health at UCLA. Ruth always insisted that she hated nursing, but did it because her family needed the money and it was a good profession at the time for a woman. She always used to say also that she hated the sight of blood and the smell of sick people. So it was confusing when she insisted throughout her life that she would have wanted to be a doctor.

 

Ruth became particularly embittered of the medical profession when she believed that it failed to diagnose her mother Paula's benign brain tumor, until it became too late. As a result, Paula died when Ruth was in nursing school. It became more important than ever for Ruth to work and provide money for her depressed father Hans, who did not have a real business after he left Germany. Paula was only 48 when she died. She is buried in the Orthodox section of the Home of Peace Memorial Park in Whittier, California.

 

Ruth was very well-spoken and liked to write. In fact, she prepared several pages of notes in 1936 about her family history, shortly before she came to the United States. She also re-wrote the notes for me, her daughter, when she was in her 50's. It is an interesting coincidence that I am writing this book as I am in my early 50's, similarly to my mother. Perhaps one's 50's is the age when people start getting interested in memorializing family history. Must be something about sensing one's own mortality and wanting to preserve what one can? Perhaps my mother and me have been influenced by the impact of the Holocaust on our family branches, and the realization that if one does not preserve history in written form, it can easily disappear.

 

During World War II Ruth worked in the local shipyards as a labor supervisor. She looked into the holds where the military was building Liberty Ships for workers who were hiding from work. Eventually she began to work full-time as a school nurse for the Santa Monica School District. In that capacity she was assigned to numerous schools in the Santa Monica area where she was available to help injured children, and administer hearing and vision tests. In speaking with some of my mother's old friends from her nursing career they remarked how Ruth was extremely hard-working and ambitious. She would see children by the side of the road as she drove to her school job, and stop to ask them why they weren't in school. Her fellow nurses used to laugh that Ruth somehow fancied herself as a truant officer. Again, in looking back at her job in the shipyards looking for lazy workers during the war, Ruth's activities fit a pattern. Ruth also enjoyed sponsoring children and tutoring them. She had numerous favorite students during the years that she followed and tried to help.

 

During the war she met Paul Mader, a handsome Viennese chemist, 12 years her senior. They met at a dance during Ruth's nursing school; a friend had brought Paul. They dated frequently at the Friendship House, which was a European refugee center in Los Angeles. By the way, my parents absolutely hated the word "refugee" and did not want me ever to describe them as such. They greatly preferred the word "immigrants." Paul was drafted, and sent all over the United States and Asia. After traveling to New York, Ruth married Paul in 1943, and they lived together in army housing until they returned to Los Angeles where they set up their first apartment. Ruth was always very frugal, and my dad often kidded her about ordering a cheese omelette to celebrate their wedding because it was the cheapest thing on the menu. Some of their addresses in Los Angeles were:

 

626 North Coronado Terrace

269 South Wilton Place

819 North Orange Grove

1918 4th Avenue, and

1628 South Sierra Bonita Ave.

125 South Saltair Ave. (from 1956 until her death in 1983).

 

I was born to Ruth and Paul in 1948 when they were living in their first owned home, one-half of a duplex on Sierra Bonita. My mother was very organized and efficient, like me. She was attending UCLA, and wanted to have me at a time when she did not have to attend classes. So she swallowed castor oil the night before I was born, believing that I would be born early. She was right. My mother said that she didn't ever feel that she had much of a maternal instinct. She remembers thinking after I was born, "Do you mean that for the next 18 years I have to take care of this little piece of red flesh?" Actually, for someone who allegedly had no maternal instinct, she did very well at raising me. She and my dad were completely devoted to raising me, with the assistance of Ruth's father Hans. Hans lived with Ruth and Paul until he died, and was an in-home nanny for me so that both my mother and father could go to work. Hans used to start roasts cooking during the day so that we could all sit at the dinner table at night. Every night Hans and Paul would do the dinner dishes together so that Ruth could rest and read the newspaper. Ruth also used to insist on laying down for 10 minutes every evening after she walked in the door from work, so that she could clear her head. Hans died of a heart attack in 1967.

 

My mother was totally into "learning" and reading, and could turn most any subject into a learning experience. She always pushed me to good grades, and was full of dire consequences for those who didn't study hard enough. She and my father were very strict, and there was a lot of yelling back and forth about rules and curfews as I was growing up.

 

According to Ruth's cousin Kurt, Ruth was very conventional and never forgave Kurt for not letting her play with his toys when he was four. Ruth got extremely upset during the Vietnam War when she learned that Kurt was a draft counselor who Kathy's wife, Norman consulted. Ruth was bound to exaggerate, and yelled at Kurt for "dragging Kathy to communist meetings in a cellar." Of course this was completely preposterous.

 

Kurt told us that one night he was at Ruth and Paul's house after dinner. Ruth said that the friends who were coming over didn't know they were Jewish, so Kurt shouldn't tell any Jewish jokes. Kurt said that he would leave so as not to offend her. This attitude was ingrained among German Jews. They did not identify as being Jews, but identified as Germans. Ruth was always pretty anti-religious, and used to knock people who attended religious services once a year on the high holy days as hypocrites. Yet she insisted that I attend religious school and become confirmed in the Jewish faith. As noted, Ruth's life was full of contradictions. It is interesting to note that Paul also had some similar attitudes about acknowledging where he was born. When asked, he would always say he was from Vienna, which was known as a cultured and refined city. Actually, he had spent the first decade of his life in Belz, Poland, before his family moved to Vienna. However Polish Jews were looked down upon by German Jews. Actually, in their later years, Ruth and Paul visited Israel, and got over their ashamed feelings about being Jewish. However Ruth always said about her cousin Kurt, "too bad such a nice boy like Kurt had to grow up and become a Zionist."

 

Ruth and Paul had a solid marriage, but did a lot of arguing. Ruth particularly did not like Paul's choice of friends, some of whom, again, she called pretentious and snobby. She particularly thought that the women-halves of the couples were boring, and preferred to hang out with the men because they were more "interesting." However the social mores of the times were such that after dinner parties the men remained in the living room talking politics etc., and the women retreated to the kitchen or other room to clean up, and talk about their children. In Ruth's later years she began for the first time to have women friends of her own, selected by her. Unfortunately, she did not live long enough to enjoy these friendships to their full potential.

 

After Paul and Ruth retired they spent a lot of time traveling and cruising. They used to visit often Paul's relatives in Vienna. The relatives always used to laugh when Ruth bragged constantly about how things were so much better in America. She would begin a lot of sentences with "bei uns in America," which means: "at our place in America...."

 

Ruth took particular pride in the only grandchild she was able to know, Julia. She used to take Julia every other Saturday night so that Norman and I could have some time off. Julia has treasured her "Annie wig" that Grandma Ruth bought her at the Brentwood Country Mart, because Julia was fixated on the movie Annie. Grandma Ruth also loved hunting for bargains, and was known for being very penny-pinching. This trait has definitely been handed down from Ruth to me and Julia.

 

Ruth also took a lot of pride in her sponsorship of Chao-Di Su, a 40-year-old Chinese architecture student at UCLA. After Paul died she wanted company in her home, and Chao-Di was perfect for her. She would type Chao-Di's papers, and he would take out the garbage, help around the house, and generally keep her company. They became great friends, and used to go to the Music Center concerts together. She particularly enjoyed it when Chao-Di brought other Chinese students to the house to play music. Again, a theme of Ruth mentoring others.

 

Ruth had always been anemic as a child. One day, as she glanced down at her hands, when she was only 62, she noted that her hands had no color. She was diagnosed as having myelofibrosis, a rare blood disorder which occurs when the body stops producing red blood cells. There is no cure. At the time it was diagnosed, Ruth had been suffering for depression for several years since the death of her husband Paul. I have always wondered whether the blood disease was helped along by Ruth's non-interest in life after Paul died. Actually, Ruth made the effort to go on a trip a year before she died across Africa on a converted garbage truck. Of course, she thought she was signing up for a more conventional trek across Africa, but it turned out to be very low budget indeed. She thought she had picked up a "bug" in Africa, which led to her blood disorder.

 

During her illness, Ruth had to receive blood donations constantly at Santa Monica hospital. True to her ideals, Ruth would never pay for parking in the hospital parking lot. Instead, she would park several blocks away at Vons, for free, and trudge the blocks to the hospital for her blood transfusion.

 

When Ruth died she was adamant in written instructions that she did not want a funeral. She always was concerned that the "hypocrites", people that didn't really like her, would attend her funeral and pretend to be sad. Of course, she also was concerned about the expense. So her wishes were followed, kind of. She was cremated, as she wished, but her ashes were not all thrown out to sea. A separate urn with some of Ruth's ashes was placed inside the crypt of Paul at Hillside Cemetery. Additionally, on the boat from the Neptune Society which scattered her ashes were several of her closest true triends, along with her family. And a tape of my piano music was played in the background. I can't help but thinking she would have been proud, even if her wishes were slightly disregarded.

 

Ruth was a vibrant, active, feminist before the word was invented. She had a lot of contradictions in her life, but she was always clear on her main loves: her husband Paul Pincus (who she called "Pinky"), daughter Kathy (who she called "Kit"), granddaughter Julia, her faithful and annoying beagle, Ginger, helping the less fortunate, fighting hypocrisy, and saving money.

Sources

1	Ancestry.com, "California, Death Index, 1940-1997" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2000;). Date: 1980-01-01.
	Ancestry.com.

2	Ancestry.com, "U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2011;). Number: 555-24-9090; Issue State: California; Issue Date: Before 1951.
	Ancestry.com.

3	Ancestry.com, "New York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1957" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2010;). Year: 1940; Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: T715,
	Ancestry.com.

4	National Archives and Records Administration, "U.S. World War II Army Enlistment Records, 1938-1946" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2005;).
	Ancestry.com.

5	Ancestry.com, "New York, Passenger Lists, 1820-1957" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2010;). Year: 1940; Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: T715,
	Ancestry.com.

6	Ibid. Year: 1940; Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: T715,

7	Ibid. Year: 1940; Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: T715,

8	Ibid. Year: 1940; Arrival: New York, New York; Microfilm Serial: T715,

9	Ancestry.com, "California, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2008;).
	Ancestry.com.

10	Ancestry.com, "U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2011;). Number: 219-22-7336; Issue State: Maryland; Issue Date: Before 1951.
	Ancestry.com.

11	Ancestry.com, "U.S., Naturalization Records - Original Documents, 1795-1972 (World Archives Project)" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2010;). National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C.;
	Ancestry.com.

12	Ancestry.com, "California, Death Index, 1940-1997" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2000;). Date: 1983-05-25.
	Ancestry.com.

13	Ancestry.com, "California, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2008;).
	Ancestry.com.

14	Ancestry.com, "U.S., Naturalization Records - Original Documents, 1795-1972 (World Archives Project)" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2010;). National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C.;
	Ancestry.com.

15	Ancestry.com, "California, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2008;).
	Ancestry.com.

16	Ancestry.com, "U.S., Naturalization Records - Original Documents, 1795-1972 (World Archives Project)" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2010;). National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C.;
	Ancestry.com.

17	Ancestry.com, "California, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2008;).
	Ancestry.com.

18	Ancestry.com, "U.S., Naturalization Records - Original Documents, 1795-1972 (World Archives Project)" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2010;). National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); Washington, D.C.;
	Ancestry.com.

19	Ancestry.com, "California, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1882-1959" (Name: Ancestry.com Operations Inc; Location: Provo, UT, USA; Date: 2008;).
	Ancestry.com.